Northanger Abbey arguements

Catherine Is shown in situations common to teenagers. She faces frustration and peer pressure. Plus, there are several examples In which the adults comment on the young people, either laughing at their behavior or cringingly it. Sub Argument # 1: Catherine faces new experiences and people in Bath, which helps her identify the significant difference people can have with one another, whether it is good or bad. Primary source quote # 1: â€Å"But, where youth and diffidence are united, it required uncommon steadiness of reason to resist the attraction of being called the most charming girl in the world.Catering's youth helps to make her gullible, or easily trusting. She Is somewhat won over by John's compliments, even though she finds him extremely annoying. Primary source quote # 2: Youth people with be young people, as your good mother says herself. You know I wanted you, when we first came, not to buy that sprigged muslin, but you would. Young people do not like to be always thwarte d. † Mrs†¦ Allen's allows Catherine to do what she wants, thinking that â€Å"young people† like to have it their way.But Catherine shows a lot of maturity by stating that she would appreciate some help In a strange new place. Secondary source quote # 1: â€Å"She raised her eyes towards him more fully than she had ever done before. † This is a climactic moment between Henry and Catherine. By looking at Henry â€Å"more fully,† she sees him clearly and shows herself to him as a more mature adult, rather than as a young youth. Argument #2 – friendship: Making friends and trying to figure out true friends from false ones Is a major part In this novel.Friendships In this book symbolize growing up and maturing_ Sub Argument # 1: Catherine has to eventually give up her friendship with Isabella for a more mature friendship with Eleanor. Primary Source tote # 1: â€Å"There is nothing I would not do for those who are really my friends. I have no noti on of loving people by halves, it is not my nature. My attachments are always excessively strong. † Isabella opinion on friendship is a bit confusing. She is selfish, but her attachment to Catherine seems to be very strong.Isabella seems to hint that she has high expectations for friendships especially when she emphasis's on people who are â€Å"really† her friends. Primary source quote # 2: â€Å"Catherine thought this reproach equally strange and unkind. Was it the part of a friend thus to expose her feelings to the notice of others? Isabella appeared to her ungenerous and selfish, regardless of everything but her own gratification. † Catherine begins to spot the lies within Isabella statements, which leads her to start doubting how good of a friend Isabella really Is.Secondary source quote # 1: â€Å"A few days passed away, and Catherine, though not allowing herself to suspect her friend, could not help watching her closely. The result of her observations wer e not agreeable. Isabella seemed an altered creature. † Catherine beings to actually watch and observe Isabella after being suspicious of her, and she begins to see Isabella as she really is which is disloyal and elfish. Argument # 3 – love: All kinds of love and relationships in this book are also linked to themes of growth and development.Catherine has to learn to tell apart between manipulative love and love that Is respectful and worth It. Sub Argument # deceitful Just as his sister Isabella Thorpe. Later on in the novel, her love for Henry increases significantly. Primary Source quote # 1: : â€Å"This sort of mysteriousness, which is always so becoming in a hero, threw a fresh grace in Catering's imagination around his persona and manners, and increased her anxiety to know more of him. † The words used to describe Henry here, â€Å"mysteriousness† and â€Å"hero,† are related to Catering's â€Å"imagination. These words imply that Catherine m ight be seeing Henry as a romantic, fictional character rather than as a real person. Primary Source quote # 2: â€Å"His first purpose was to explain himself, and before they reached Mr†¦ Allen's grounds he had done it so well, that Catherine did not think it could ever be repeated too often. She was assured of his affection; and that heart in return was solicited, which, perhaps, they pretty equally knew was already entirely his own. † Henrys proposal to Catherine is very sweet and sincere.His sense of humor plays well during his proposal, and since this novel is a comedy his humor may have symbolized love. Secondary source quote # 1: â€Å"Every young lady may feel for my heroine in this critical moment, for every young lady has at some time or other known the same agitation. All have been, or at least all have believed themselves to be, in danger from the pursuit of someone whom they wished to avoid; and all have been anxious for the attention of someone whom they w ished to please. † Catherine finds herself to be stuck in a love triangle. She is loved by John Thorpe and craves for the attention of Henry.

Online safety

Online safety is an important activity that is a must for every small, medium and multinational company. There are many web tools available that screen the net hackers and bad guys. Below every web site there is a privacy statement which authenticates that the visitor must comply with the terms and conditions of web site that it will not be used for any illegal purposes. Similarly there is a possibility of fraudulent transactions by entering fraud credit and debit card numbers which creates chaos and revenue for online businesses. For preventing all these unforeseen hurdles, online companies delivery goods only after the credit /debit card payment is received which is safe and secured transaction. Google Hack Honeypot (GHH) is a web tool for tracking net hackers that is launched by Google company. Google being a billion dollar multinational company, and the web site google. com is used by millions of internet users who seek information and in the year 2005, Google recorded 8 billion pages and from the view point of Google company, tracking of net hackers with malicious intentions is essential in order to counterattack. Similarly for the online safety of consumer, U. S Government has also passed several policies that individual companies must issue formulas to ensure customer privacy online and customer information must be kept confidential and should not be easily accessed by any other company web sites. Conclusion Good use of technology, breeds good results whereas illegal works have to be tracked as damage is caused to the public as well to businesses. Therefore, authentication and SSL have to be served at every level for ensuring safety and security of information of companies.

Albert Jacka Soldier Man

Albert Jacka was born on the 10th of January 1893 in a small dairy farm in Winchelsea, Victoria. On the 17th of the first 1932, seven days after his 39th birthday, he died of chronic nephritis. He was the fourth child of 7 of Nathaniel Jacka and Mary Elizabeth Kettle. He spent most of his life in Wedderburn after his parents decided to move the family there in 1898 when Bertie was the age of 5. After completing elementary school, he found work as a labourer with his father, and later for the Victorian State Forests Department. On 18/8/14, Bert enlisted into the Aussie Imperial Force, assigned 14 Battalion, 4th Brigade, 1st Division and began training at Broadmeadow camp. Jackas battalion then left for further two months of training in Egypt. After that, his battalion then joined the fight in Gallipoli, arriving on Anzac Cove through the Dardanelles, 26/4/15. A month later on the 19th, the Turkish began an assault along almost the whole Anzac line, and captured a small twelve yard section of the trench, leaving one end being guarded by Jacka. For longer than several minutes, he shot warning shots into he trench until, finally reinforcements had arrived. Everybody but Jacka were hit so he leapt back into the communication trench. He had then thought up a new plan, two bombs would be thrown at the Turks, as Bert would walk around and flank them from behind. He shot five and bayoneted two as the others retreated. l managed to get the begars, Sir, he was quoted to have said to the first officer to arrive. For doing this act of courage, he was awarded with a Victorian Cross, which appeared in a section of the London Gazette. War Office, 24th July, 191 5 His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to award the Victoria Cross to the undermentioned Officers and Non-commissioned Officers:No. 65 Lance-corporal Albert Jacka, 14th Battalion, Australian Imperial Forces. For most conspicuous bravery on the night of the 19th-20th May, 191 5 at Courtneys Post, Gallipoli Peninsula. Lance-corporal Jacka, while holding a portion of our trench with four other men, was heavily attacked. When all except himself were killed or wounded, the trench was rushed and occupied by seven Turks. Lance-corporal Jacka at once most gallantly ttacked them single-handed, and killed the whole party, five by rifle fire and two with the bayonet. Albert was immediately known as a national hero. He began to be used on recruiting posters John Wren, gave him E500 and a golden watch, after promising the first Victorian Cross winner a reward of so. After the 28th of 8th he began to skyrocket from rank to rank, beginning with Corporal, then on the 12/9, Sergeant, then Company Sergeant Major on 14/11, and finally Second Lieutenant on the 29/4/16 after completing officer training. Early in June, the 14th Battalion were then sent to France. On the 7th of August, Berts platoon then moved into the line close to Pozi ©res, a small French village. One night after dawn, Just as Jacka had completed his surveying of the area, two German soldiers had overrun a part of line. They came to the entrance of Jackas dugout, rolling a bomb down the doorway, killing two men. Jacka survived, rushing up the steps, tiring as ne moved. He got up and came upon German soldiers rounding up about forty Aussies as prisoners. He spoke out to his platoon and charged against the enemy. Men threw away their rifles and began to participate n wild hand to hand combat, while the prisoners turned on their enslavers. On that night, they took capture of fifty Germans and retook back the line. Everyone was severely wounded, Jacka received serious neck and shoulder injures and was sent away to London hospital. On the 8th of the 8th, London newspapers sent out false reports claiming that Bert was killed in action. After this, Albert was promoted to captain and was authorised as the 14 Battalions Intelligence officer on the 15th March. Albert got back into the fght and led a night scouting party on the 8th of April, to inspect the enemys defences. He infiltrated the wire at two places, reported back, then he went out again to watch the laying of the guide tapes for the infantry. As the Job was almost done, two German soldiers creeped up, Jacka, realising that theyd see the tapes, he knew that they must be captured. He pulled out his pistol, misfired, so he rushed on towards them and captured them by hand. His smart, quick thinking, had saved the Anzac soldiers from discovery and possibly bombardment and had earnt himself a bar to his military cross. The newly captained Jacka, on the 8th July, was wounded by a snipers bullet near Ploegsteert Wood. Two months later on the 26th, he was back on his feet and back on the front, he led the 14th battalion against German Pillboxes(small underground outposts) at Polygon Wood. In March 1918, Jacka unknowingly faced his final fght, after being cruelly gassed at Villers-Bretonneux. A few months later, he boarded the Euripides, for Australia. A large crowd, including the Governor General, greeted him on his arrival in Melbourne. A few months after being discharged, R. O. Roxburgh, E. J. L. Edmonds and himself, created an electrical goods importing and exporting business. The following year on the 17th January, Jacka was hitched to Frances Veronica Carey, a typist at his Electrical Goods business. A few moths later, the moved to St Kilda and adopted a daughter. Eight years later, he was elected to the St Kilda Council and a year later elected as mayor. On the 18th of December 1931, he mysteriously fell ill during a council meeting and on January 17th, a year later, he died of chronic nephritis. Over 60,000 people paraded by his coffin as it lay in Anzac house. He was buried with complete military honor in the Presbyterian section of the cemetery.

Jesus and Kingdom of God Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jesus and Kingdom of God - Assignment Example In order to develop a better understanding, it may be suitable to analyze some of the Beatitudes. Thus, in Matthew chapter 5 verse 8 it was pointed out that those who are â€Å"pure in heart† will enter the Kingdom of Heaver. It is quite obvious that the above mentioned concept is synonymous to ethical decision making. Another concept which is analyzed in the next verse, namely peacemaking, reflects the ethical principle of refraining from violence and avoiding conflict between people. There is no doubt that this contributes to harmony in the world and is greatly values by Christianity. Finally, the high significance of mercy is states in the previous verse. As one can easily see, the idea of Kingdom of God stands for an environment of moral individuals who exercise highest ethical values such as refraining from violence or mercy on other people. That is why the above mentioned concept should be seen as an ethical

Consumer Psychology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consumer Psychology - Assignment Example When you think of a candy, the brand should produce saliva in your mouth. M & Ms had created their popular slogan " Melts in your mouth, not in your hands", to activate the memory of the buyer to think of their product. In the case of Hershey's they have all along been associating their flagship brand Kissables, with popular shape, but with different sizes and colors, more particularly with their signature wrapping. The Associative network model of memory is the common way that the consumer researchers have conceptualized the organization of brands and brand related information in memory. (Curtis P. Haugtvedt, et al, 2008) That way both these candy marketers have applied well the activation models of memory in creating their brand equity. Activation models can primarily of two types, viz., discrete and continuous. Discrete activation models help remembering the utility of the particular product right at the time of buying and continuous activation models create growing interest in the minds of the consumer to buy that product at times of need [Yantis S, Meyer CE, 1988, 26-02-2009()] This is a war of brand equity. And, at the root of these marketing effects is consumers' knowledge. In other words, consumers' knowledge about a brand makes consumers respond differently to the marketing of the brand. The study of brand equity is increasingly popular as some marketing researchers have concluded that brands are one of the most valuable assets that a company has [Wikipedia, 26-02-2009()] Hershey's Kissables has a brand image with its signature wrapping. However, the CEO of the Company wonders if the comfort level of the consumer was reduced in the process of unwrapping the candy and so the consumer might choose a some other brand that would make the candy instantaneously melt in his mouth. So, he plans to shift the pattern of wrapping. The advantage part of it is that it might work. It is easy to unwrap and it is spoken high time immemorial. On the other hand, as the question itself suggests, it might take away the customer who is used to buy Kissables for its tight wrappers. Hershey's must take strategic efforts to introduce this change.. Kenichi Ohmae has very beautifully illustrated in his book 'The mind of a Strategist', as to how the roll film maker changed its less attractive brand name, first by introducing a new specification of 16 exposure film. Perhaps, Hershey's should promote the product in terms of good slogans activating the memory of the consumer as t o how the same standard is provided, with an additional advantage of easy unwrapping. 3 How might Hershey's use a nostalgia campaign to promote Kisses and/or Kissables In the political scenario, nostalgic appeals are a way to channel contemporary anxieties [ Michael Schaffer, 26-02-2009(http://www.tnr.com/politics)] This is true with regard to consumer behavior as well. The company is 100 years old and enjoys a nostalgic reputation all throughout. It was in existence even when sliced bread had not come into existence. Even

Marketing Analysis Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Analysis - Term Paper Example The North Face in the marketing of Men’s Steep Tech Apogee jacket has exploited these two marketing strategies. The North Face products wide spread and availability in most of the shop outlets has made them realize a substantial sale and realize favorable competition against their competitors. The different Apogee jackets designs are available in most of the cloth shop outlets in towns and US cities. The products have also been distributed to other continents like Asia and Europe to make their products be global. At the same time, customers have been motivated by the direct attention that they receive from the sales agent and representatives (Zucker, 2010). The queries of the customers and those who miss to get their desired products design can make a special request to the company and have their products delivered within the duration demanded. One of the customers attested that the sales representative gave him attention for about 20 minutes, something that was of more impact on the customer’s loyalty (Hondo, 2011). To ensure that the jackets are availed in overseas markets, the company has engaged in direct shipping of the jackets. North Face opened their stores in overseas areas where their brands were sold and advertised to the target customers (Butcher, 2009). The company to ensure that the product price is not adversely affected to the customer incurs the shipping cost. The company has also established stores in different regions including Asia and Europe where there retailers can access their products and break the stock for the customer’s to obtain their demands. It is also important to note that the, need to make a product accessible at the customer convenience is a necessity in having the retention and acquisition of completely new customers. The use of technology and online sites to create awareness of the existence of the company’s products is also a strength in marketing the product. The North Face advertises its product s online using twitter, face book and other social network sites that are accessed by a wide number of the targeted market (Miller, 2010). Through the online sites, the customers are able to get accurate and exact information on the availability of the product at the nearest outlets. This has realized a reduction in the marketing cost and a reduction in the product cost for it to realize a high sales level. The other strategy that was used in the promotion of the product entailed the sending of messages as a direct promotion strategy. The strategy was not very widely used given the customers reservation on whether to give their details. Moreover, North Face supported various sporting activities in which the company’s brand was marketed with the company name being advertised as the core sponsor. This therefore made the company’s jackets be identified with the sports fan. At the same time, the company’s brands were sold in such times and places to the customers. I n addition, North Face paid for advertisements in magazines circulating in the cities (Hartline, 2010). All this advertisement strategies and promotion tools were geared towards creating awareness on the places where the apogee jackets are sold and the brands that were in stock. In availing the different product designs, North Face ensured that they considered market segmentation

African American Krumpin Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

African American Krumpin Culture - Essay Example ountry, and their interaction with their white counterparts that one gets to appreciates the political, economic, cultural, and social realities of minority groups. This is as well as the their contribution in redefining America as it is today. The Krumpin in North Hollywood provides the opportunity for examining this history from the perspective and voices of the people who lived through it. In this regard, one can learn to evaluate and contextualize the first-hand accounts from the past and their contribution to the present and the future. To a great extent, the Krumpin in North Hollywood facilitates the examination of how race in general and blackness in particular, were created, lived, and evolved over time. During the 818 session, it is plausible that the presence of the local security machineries reminds one of the status of the parking lot as a private space. Hence the prohibition of any form of intrusion into it (Frazier, Robeson, & Koslow 2). While circling the perimeter of the parking lot, the local police, and other paid security personnel frequently command the dancers to lower the volume of their music or leave the area. Failure to this, the dancers risk being imprisoned. This is a clear demonstration of the curtailing of freedoms as witnessed during the repressive periods of the 1950s and the 1960s where the minority groups had much of their freedom limited through the use of state agencies. In fact, the practice of young people forming a gathering in an empty, though private yard, and the police encroaching on their activities elicit the general culture of domination and regulation. This is especially of the marginalised groups in the U. S. To some extent, it is noteworthy th e state is adamant in curtailing the use of public space, not just by the young blacks, but also by the brown youths. It seems that many forces are at play here with corporate takeovers of public space. The expansion of outdoor performance spaces that serve mainly the interests

Leadership & Change Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Leadership & Change - Coursework Example Despite such, the effectiveness of a change process relies on the management techniques employed in an organization with the leadership skills of the managers remaining integral in the process as the discussion below shows. Transformational model of leadership and theory of change mandates the managers with overseeing the change process thus with the responsibility of ensuring the success of the change process (Mullins, 2010: 451). The theory requires managers to boost the morale of the employees thereby introducing the changes systematically in a manner that the employees embrace them. Employee motivation is a basic mandate of human resource management. It influences the employees’ response to change. Firstly, the leader must influence the employees. This requires the leader to inspire his employees in order to influence them easily. Additionally, the leader should use employ intellectual stimulation when carrying out the change process (Sperry, 2013: 98). The manager can create new positions thus promote productive employees. Remuneration is yet another basic factor of motivation, in case the change promises to increase profitability, and the manager can, therefore, increase the pay of the emp loyees in order to encourage them to adopt the change. Change management further requires the managers to understand their employees. As explained earlier, some employees would adopt change easily while others are inherently resistant to change. By understanding the employees, the management can select the best management technique to employ in order to encourage productivity and acceptance of the changes. Theory X, theory Y and theory Z explain the various traits of employees in an organization. Theory X asserts that employees are inherently lazy and dislike work. As such, the employees require intense supervision without which they remain unproductive. Theory X, on the other hand, argues that employees love their work and are naturally productive. The two

Martin and Malcom & America A Dream or A Nightmare Essay

Martin and Malcom & America A Dream or A Nightmare - Essay Example Martin and Malcolm both had similar philosophical thinking. They were both religious leaders who took a political position in campaigning for black civil liberties groups. It is uncommon for religious leaders to assume political role, and Individuals still find it strange that Malcolm and Martin engaged themselves in America’s politics. Secondly, Martin and Malcolm base their ideology on a supernatural being. They have common theoretical thinking as they both believe in the existence of a super natural being. Martin believes that God is an all complete God that finished work of creation alone, while Malcolm believes that his God is a reachable God who invites mankind to help in completing his creation work. Martin and Malcolm both advocated for civil rights using their religious principles that human beings were religious creatures, and thus should be awarded the freedom and the dignity they deserve. 1They both considered that God is the only being who rob human beings of thei r rights. They believe that he is the divine force that is behind all deeds on the planet. Martin and Malcolm had different political approaches in their civil right pressure groups and fight for the African American freedom. They both had their individual ways of fighting and supporting the civil rights pressure groups. They were communitarians who selflessly advocated for the rights of the African American and additional minority groups in America. Martin used his religious philosophies in fighting for freedom, while Malcolm was not anything close to that, and attained his philosophies through surrender. Martin achieved his philosophies through agape. 2Martin believed in a diplomatic society as he derived his teachings from Gandhi. He believed the only approach to attain equality in America was through peaceful negations and manifestations. He did not believe in the race factor and was strong

My personal capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My personal capital - Essay Example What exactly will be the nature of business under the plan for my group? As a business consultant and empanelled with local chapter of chamber of commerce, I will seek to organize a seminar on emerging businesses that involve local as well as international venturing. Technical experts from various fields will be invited to take part in the workshop and discussions forming part of this seminar. Ideas about new products and services on the horizon will get exchanged; and after attaining details about two or three alternative ventures from these workshop and discussion forum the matter will be deliberated at the group level in order to take a final decision about the venture to be pursued. Next step will involve utilization of my capabilities in deciding the type of business entity to be established for the business. Do we need to incorporate our business or form a partnership is a crucial decision to be taken? The fact is that ‘the nature of your business is one of the factors th at must be evaluated in determining the best business entity for your business.’(Sherri K. DeWitt) . Though corporation provides certain protection from liabilities to shareholders, but partnerships have certain advantages as well. Partnership can be a general partnership or limited liability partnership. Then there is another alternative in shape of LLC. So the decision about incorporating the business or not is a crucial one; and my experience and capabilities intuit me to suggest corporation status as the business should always be of permanent nature and not depending upon the vagaries of ownership.

English as a Second Language Essay Example for Free

English as a Second Language Essay America is truly a great nation. With all its progress, everyone outside the country desire to live and migrate in this country. In fact, it has become a popular migration destination aside from Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Thus, in every city in America, there are communities of people with diverse culture and origin. Hence, this paper attempts to dissect the policies being implemented by the government concerning English as a second language in America. History  The history of Bilingual Education in the United States can be traced in the founding of America as the nation’s founder adopted neither an official language nor a government-sanctioned body to regulate speech (Ovando, 2003, p. 1). Carlos T. Ovando of the Arizona State University reveals that behind the monolingual culture image of America, thousands of other American Indian languages were spoken in the 15th century, paving for the complexities and diversities in the linguistic culture of America. But Ovando says, most of these languages were filtered along with their cultural realities, as the founders envisioned a â€Å"country with a unified history, traditions, and a common language† (2003, p. 2). Ovando noted that this vision was based in general on the English system and schooling practices (2003, p. 2). But, language policy controversies from the beginning not prevented the founders to enforce a mono-language system or to regulate speech (2003, p. 2). During that time European language particularly Spanish was dominant that they were treated with respect more likely than others, and their speaker being accommodated in school and government services. Ovando calls this formative period as the period of â€Å"linguistic tolerance† because of the absence of strong and solid policy on language diversity (Ovando, p. 3). As the influx of immigrants from European countries continuous, diversity of language continuous to widen as immigrants hang on to their maternal languages. Thus, in the 19th century, laws were passed authorizing Bilingual Education. American states were allowed bilingual instructions in public and private schools (Ovando, p. 4). Research Many individual Americans were so concerned to have a national language and this reflected in the slogan â€Å"one country one language† (Ovando and Willey as cited in the work of Reid and Bourne, p. 141). The most notable was Noah Webster who attempted to create â€Å"a unique national character defined by common American English (Ovando and Willey as cited in the work of Reid and Bourne, p. 41). Their desire must be legitimate since English language has now been spoken around the world by about 1. 5 billion people. That means, English language has now become global and a stand as a medium of communication world wide. Thus, there is a need to teach English on schools not only in America but in every country of the world. Jill Bourne and Evan Reid pointed out that because of English is widely spoken; it has a wide range of context from air-traffic control down to popular music (p. 161). These according to Reid and Bourne create a need to learn English language to be able to communicate internationally. In the report made by Patricia Anne DiCerbo, throughout America, many foreign students are enrolling ranging from elementary to high schools, which’s common reason is migration from many parts of the world; and the dominant group among other groups is the Spanish-speaking people who are mostly coming from Latin America. She also noted that this group of students is the fastest growing group in the United States. These students are facing a lot of challenges in terms of academic performance because of language barrier. This problem poses some problems; for instance, in her (DiCerbo’s) report, about fifty-fifty percent of Latino Youth are having the opportunity to graduate or finish high school. This simple report gave DiCerbo a perception that English Language Learning should be given to foreign students. Ovando in the book English Language Learning in America pointed out some reasons or fears why English language is now being pushed (as cited by Reid and Bourne, p. 138). A lot of Americans are worried about the influx of immigrants from Latin America for fear they may pose threat to the cultural integrity of the nation. There are common concerns that American cities will be filled with Spanish or German-speaking aliens; and they live for years speaking only their own mother tongue and will never learn English (Reid and Bourne, p. 138). Another thing is that they fear that foreign language speakers may weakened the national body of politics as what had happened in Quebec, Canada because of the dominant French speaking aliens. Ovando quoted Governor Dick Lamn’s statement emphasizing the need to make English the official language in schools and in government. The statement said â€Å"immigrants who fail to assimilate in the society are social time bombs. † Finally, Ovando emphasized that in order for any one to get ahead; one has to be fluent in English (p. 138). In view of the above historical background, there is no reason to reject English Language Learning for it does in the first place, emphasize the need for everyone to learn and be fluent in English. Carrasquillo and Rodriguez said that ELL students are encouraged to learn academic and skills in English (p. 20). English Language Learning according to them means only of advancing simultaneously in the stages of developing interpersonal skills, mastering subject area content and skills, and acquiring academic language proficiency for each subject area, all in their second language which is English (Carrasquillo and Rodriguez, p. 0). Through retention of ELL, limited English proficient students are given the opportunity to cope up deficiencies in learning using English as medium of communication. Theory For us to be able to make a conclusion regarding the issue of bilingual policy in education, it would be important to understand the theoretical argument regarding this matter. There are various theories about bilingual policies of the United States but as space constraint, this paper cited only one theory although, there are several theories that discussed about bilingual education in the United States such as theory of Kloss (1977-1988) regarding the tolerant mood during the formative years; Baron (1990) emphasizing on slight development of English Language for the past two hundred years; REcinto (1998) which is talking about poor language minorities. It is easy to agree that these theories help in understanding language policies, especially on making conclusion about the issue. As Ovando pointed out that history is full of evidence that support any of these theories. The theory of Heath (1983-1990) tells us that the relationship between the literacy practices from each community corresponds closely to the literacy practice and expectation of the school. Heath found out that children from other community with English as their second language excel in their own community but fell behind in school. These children are perceived as lacking in school readiness skills at the point of entry. This means that children having native language aside from English would have poor academic performance because of language deficiencies which supposed to be not since curriculum-wise, American schools are better. Foreign students are having deficiency in terms of literacy level because of racial division or factor. Conclusion America is an English-speaking nation and English language is the internationally accepted language. It is the sovereign right of America to enforce to its citizens the use of their tongue as official medium of instruction both in public and private, as well as in government. Language is very important and it is a unifying instrument of a nation. After centuries of tolerance, it is high time that America unites its citizens by being monolingual. This is highly important since America has become the convergence of many nations such as African, Asians, European and other languages in the world. If each of the foreign community living in the United States will use instructional materials in their native tongue, as well as use it as a medium of instruction inside the classroom, America is in danger of breaking into pieces their culture and language. In the same way, the government offered the ELL as a means to help immigrant students to cope up with the difficulty of speaking English in the classroom. This training provides necessary practices and lesson in order to develop communication skills among the students. Also, ELL is offered in all schools in America as part of the curriculum of students whose native language is not English. Thus, the ELL is thoroughly learned and mastered through which, students learn mastery of the language as well as skills of communication in English. In the words of Carlos Ovando, children need to learn the English language for them to get ahead.

Gambling Essay Essay Example for Free

Gambling Essay Essay The difference between gambling and buying stocks of companies is that you are betting on the future of the company and you have records you can research. If something terrible happens to the country, like a natural disaster, stocks will go down. If the country does well, the stock market will most likely go up. The key to doing well in the stock market is to research the companies you are trying to buy stock in. If you just pick a couple random companies to invest your well-earned money in, it would be more like gambling. It is possible to lose a large sum of money buying stocks if a company that was once flourishing has something bad happen. For example, those who owned stock in BP were probably doing all right until they had a vessel drop hundreds of thousands of oil into the gulf. Gambling in a casino, on the other hand is completely different. The house always a edge, and even though the edge is slim it still makes it so that the house will always win in the long run. If you are gambling in Vegas you better be using money you are willing to lose. In conclusion, if you do your homework and research and choose your stock right, more likely than not you will be making money. One thing is for sure I would feel safer tying my money up in the stock market than at the blackjack table.

The Horrors of U.X.Os

The Horrors of U.X.Os Hannah Chartier The Vietnam War is the second longest war in United States history. It began on August 7, 1964 when the U.S. congress passed a joint resolution to go to war against the Communist North Vietnamese. It ended on April 30, 1975 with the fall of Saigon. The Vietnamese government estimates that around 14m tonnes of ordnance, nearly three times that used by the Allies in the second world war, was dropped on Vietnam between 1959 and 1975. Between 10% and 30% of it failed to detonate (Cordall). No one really knows for sure how many undetonated bombs are still there because everyday more are discovered. Unfortunately, these undetonated bombs continue to maim and kill the inhabitants of North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Unexploded Munitions pose a continuing obstacle to agriculture and a threat to children (Black). On September 6, 2016, President Barack Obama pledged $90 million to help with the removal of unexploded ordnances dropped during the Vietnam War. For almost fifty yea rs the U.S. ignored this problem. The United States military bombing tactics during the Vietnam War were unjust because these bombs continue to kill and injure ordinary people everyday. Clearing the undetonated ordinances left behind from the Vietnam War has never been a priority of the United States government. The U.S. government evacuated its last citizens and allies as quickly as possible to avoid the risk of casualties. It was the largest helicopter evacuation in history. The U.S. had lost the war, so it was not responsible for rebuilding the nations involved. No fewer than 119 countries have banned the use of cluster bombs, but the U.S. government still utilizes them to this day. Unexploded ordnances affect farmers the most in these post-war countries. The fields they farm are contaminated with cluster bomblets that were buried and forgotten. It is not unusual for a farmer to accidentally hit an unexploded ordnance with his/her shovel or hoe. The Guardian recently published a story about a Vietnamese farmer. Nguyen Dinh Thu was hoeing the small piece of land his parents had given him [when] he struck the unexploded U.S. military bomb that had lain undisturbed there for fifteen years (Cordall). When he awoke, he came round to find both his hands had been blown off and his face and legs were riddled with shrapnel which will stay inside him permanently (Cordall). His story is not unique Channapha Khamvongsa, the executive director of Legacies of War, has seen the horrors of the undetonated bombs in Laos. She was just a toddler when her parents left Laos for the United States. She has made it her mission to educate the world about the unexploded bombs in her home country of Laos. Eighty percent of people rely on their land to grow food in Laos. So they still use their land even at the risk of their own lives (Khamvongsa). Laos is one of the poorest countries in Eastern Asia. While most of the victims used to be farmers working their fields, these days, with more of the countryside cleared, those most at risk are scrap-metal scavengers, who cut up rusted bombs and shells in the hope of earning a few dollars (Black). About 40 percent of the accidents result in death and 60 percent of the victims are children. Also, (the bombies) are tennis ball sized weapons. The children often mistake the bombs for toys, and pick them up and throw them around. This is often the cause of an explosion (Khamvongsa). A typical example is A 13-year-old boy was killed in An My by an unexploded bomb four years ago as he played in his garden, and the shock waves still reverberate through this tiny community (Cordall). During the Vietnam War, the United States used bombs as a way of attacking the Vietnamese people and villages. It was a very poor decision because now, after the war, there are still bombs that continue to detonate every day, destroying the villages more and more. According to The New Yorker article written by George Black, Since the end of the war in 1975, more than forty thousand Vietnamese have been killed by U.X.O.

Alleviating Illness Naturally :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Alleviating Illness Naturally Presently there is a general trend to treat mild illnesses naturally and to avoid strong allopathic medications. People are embracing herbal remedies which are less expensive, readily available, and have many less side effects. Echinacea, considered to have a remarkable immunostimulating activity, is one of the most widely used phytomedicinals for treatment of the common cold, flu, and other upper respiratory tract infections (1). It is readily available in liquid form, capsules, and in tea. You can purchase it over the counter at the drugstore, supermarket, and even at Kmart. I, like many others, have tried echinacea to treat the common cold and flu, but it never seemed to make me feel better. Am I the exception to benefiting from this common herbal remedy, or has the American public at large been conned into believing this plant will prevent them from getting sick? As of yet, there is no known medication proven to cure the common cold or flu. Both are upper respiratory tract infections caused by viruses and thus treatment in the form of antibiotics will not work. Medications referred by doctors, such as antihistamines, cough suppressants, and decongestants, treat the symptoms of the illness but not the underlying cause. Although echinacea is similar to other treatments in that it does not attempt to cure the illness, it distinguishes itself by directly stimulating the immune system. This novel approach for combating the cold or flu seems to work as well as the more common medical treatments (2). The herbal remedy echinacea is a family of nine flowering plants belonging to the Asteraceae (Sunflower) family and indigenous to North America. Three species, E. purpurea, E. angustifolia, and E. pallida, are used in medicinal supplements. Liquid extracts of the leaves and above ground parts of E. purpurea and E. angustifolia are the products most commonly available in the United States, while E. pallida is encountered in Europe (2). The study of how herbs affect the immune system is a current hot topic in pharmacological research. Do herbs, like the echinacea plant, really strengthen our resistance and help us lead healthier lives? There appears to be a contradiction between the wisdom of centuries of observation and the scrutiny of scientific laboratory research. Echinacea was among the most popular herbs used by Native American Indians. Its popularity in treating colds, coughs, and infections continued and in the late nineteenth century echinacea became the best selling medicinal tincture in America (1).

japanese internment :: essays research papers

[47] - (2x) Death Monster [48] - (3x) Chimera Hawk [49] - Luther sequence [II] Boss Fights / Forced Battles - Aquatic Gardens of Surferio [A.1] - Sculpture Lord and (2x) Sculpture Guard [III] Boss Fights / Forced Battles - Ancient Ruins of Mosel Underground [R.1] - Amoeba Giant [R.2] - Aurora Monster [R.3] - Spirit Trio [IV] Boss Fights / Forced Battles - Maze of Tribulations [M.1] - Render [M.2] - Succubus [M.3] - Basilisk King [M.4] - 9 Sets of Aqua Wisps [M.5] - Earth Dragon [M.6] - Springer [M.7] - Alei [M.8] - Mighty Vox [M.9] - Sootie [M.10] - Floor 8 Minibosses [M.11] - Gabriel Celesta [V] Boss Fights / Forced Battles - Sphere 211 (Floors 101 - 211) [S.1] - Norton Redux (floor 101) [S.2] - Enraged Crosell (floor 115) [S.3] - Shadow Dragon (floor 126) [S.4] - Vengeful Shelby (floor 137) [S.5] - Frenzied Biwig (floor 147) [S.6] - Green Thing (floor 159) [S.7] - Arch Demon (floor 170) [S.8] - Angry Azazer and Raging Belzeber (floor 181) [S.9] - Furious Berial (floor 192) [S.10] - Super Blair (floor 200) [S.11] - Lenneth (floor 210) [S.12] - Ethereal Queen (floor 211) [S.13] - Freya [VI] Boss Fights / Forced Battles - Urssa Cave Temple [U.1.1] - Albel and Romero [U.1.2] - Nel and Zorto [U.1.3] - Peppita and Hodge Podge [U.1.4] - Roger and Farbnil [U.2] - Fayt + Whoever he was paired with in the ending [VII] Albel [Al.1] - Albel 2 [Al.2] - Albel 3 [Al.3] - Albel 4 [VIII] Gemity Arena [G.1] - Reigning Champions =============================================================================== Abbreviations and Introduction [In] =============================================================================== Abbreviations: -AAA: Anti-Attack Aura. There are two main types of attacks in this game: Strong and Weak. If a weak attack is launched at a target that is at 100% fury, the attack will be guarded and an Anti-Attack Aura emitted. There are a variety of Anti-Attack Auras available in the game, but the best overall is the first one you get, called Standard. It simply emits a beam towards the attacker that, when it hits, causes Stun. On the other hand, a Strong attack launched a target with 100% fury will break the target's guard and reduce its fury to 50%. The terms "AAA" and "guard" are interchangeable. -HP: Hit points; Consumed when using physical battle skills. You die (are "incapacitated") when your HP reaches 0. The same is true for enemies. -MP: Magic points; Consumed when using magical battle skills and Spells (Symbology). You die (are "incapacitated") when your MP reaches 0. The same is true for enemies. This leads to some interesting options against foes with high HP but low MP. =============================================================================== Introduction: I wanted a comprehensive faq for every single "forced" battle in the game.

Death in Dickinsons I heard a Fly Buzz When I died Essay -- Emily Dic

Death in Dickinson's I heard a fly buzz when I died Emily Dickinson’s poem â€Å"I heard a fly buzz when I died† is a reflection on what happens when one dies. In the poem, the speaker is waiting to die. It seems as though they are expecting something spectacular to happen at the moment of their death. This spectacular event they are expecting does not happen. I heard a fly buzz when I died By Emily Dickinson I heard a fly buzz when I died; The stillness round my form Was like the stillness in the air Between the heaves of storm. The eyes beside had wrung them dry. And breaths were gathering sure For that last onset, when the king Be witnessed in his power. I willed my keepsakes, signed away What portion of me I Could make assignable,--and then There interposed a fly, With blue, uncertain, stumbling buzz, Between the light and me; And then the windows failed, and then I could not see to see. The speaker describes their situation on their deathbed. The sense of stillness in the air means that the speaker thinks something important is about to happen when they die. Their mood is very solemn, and the still air brings a feeling of tension. There is not yet a mention of the afterlife, just the speaker waiting for death. The stillness is described as â€Å"between the heaves of storm,† referring to the calm that sometimes occurs between storms. This is a very quite almost peaceful stillness, but there is a sign of more things to come. In this case, death is the storm they are waiting for after the calm. The speaker is expecting a big event to happen. As the speakers loved ones begin to mourn, there is a feeling that they too were gathering around to witness some spectacular event that would ... ...There is no large flash of light, no loud noises, just the simple buzzing of a fly. Seeing death as a natural passing places man back in nature. There is no amazing flash of light, or deafening noise, or grand revelation. The choice of a fly as the interrupting entity reinforces the anti-climactic nature of death. Man passes into death the same as anything else in nature. The â€Å"blue, uncertain, stumbling buzz† of the fly implies that not even the buzz of the fly was meant to recognize the death of the speaker. The fly buzzes by because that is the nature of the fly. It did not stop its life for the death of the speaker. This can be seen as nature (the fly) realizing that death is not some incredible event, but a natural passing. Nature moves on, accepting the dead back into the earth. This reinforces that death, even the death of a human, is a simple passing.

Salem Witch Trials and Account

Salem Witch Trial: Hangings Michelle Woodring Mr. Yates American Literature 1 May 2010 Salem Witch Trial: Hangings Theses— There were many casualties of the Salem Witch Trials and there are still many mysteries today. * Salem History and Background * Witch Craft Starting * Symptoms of Witch Craft * People Accused of Witch Craft * Trials * Hangings * End of the Witch Hunt Michelle Woodring Mr. Yates American Literature 1 May 2010 Salem Witch Trials: Hanging’s In1688, John Putnam invited Samuel Parris to preach in the Village church (â€Å"An Account of. . †). A year later inflation adjustments, and free firewood, Parris accepted the job as Village minister r(â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). He moved to Salem Village with his wife Elizabeth, his six year old daughter Betty, niece Abagail Williams, and his Indian slave Tituba (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Sometime during February of 1692 young Betty Parris became strangely ill (â€Å"Salem Witch Trialsà ¢â‚¬ ). The cause of her symptoms seemed to match those of Ergot (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). Betty’s behavior in some ways mirrored that of witch craft (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†).It was easy to believe with an Indian war raging less than several miles away that the devil was close in hand (An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Talk of witch craft increased when other playmates of Betty’s began to exhibit similar unusual behavior (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). William Griggs, a doctor, was called in to examine the girls he suggested that the girl’s problems might have a supernatural origin (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The number of girls afflicted continued to grow rising to seven (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The girls contorted into poses, fell down into frozen postures, and complained of biting and pinching sensations (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).Sometime after February 25 and 29 the first three accused of witch craft w ere Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborn (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). Tituba was an obvious choice (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). Sarah Good was a beggar (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). Sarah Osborn was old and had not attended a church for over a year (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). Tituba was the first witch to admit to doing witch craft (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). Soon the spectral forms of other women attacking the afflicted girls came into the court rooms (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).Martha Corey, Rebecca Nurse, Sarah Cloyce, and Mary Easty were accused of witch craft during a March 20 church service (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Dorcas Good, four-year-old daughter of Sarah Good, became the first child to be accused of witch craft when three of the girls complained that they were bitten by the specter of Dorcas (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Deliverance Hobbs became the second witch to confess for doing witch craft (â€Å"An A ccount of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The first accused witch to be brought to trial at the local church was Bridget Bishop (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).At Bishop’s trial on June 2 a field hand testified that he saw Bishop’s image stealing eggs and then saw her transform herself into a cat (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Bishop’s jury returned a verdict of guilty on June 10 (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Bishop was carted to Gallows Hill and hanged (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). As the summer of 1692 warmed, the pace of trials picked up (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). John Proctor was openly critical of the trial and paid for his skepticism with his life (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). No execution caused more unease in Salem than that of the village’s ex minister, George Burroughs (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).Burroughs was identified by several of his accusers as the ringleader of the witches (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢ € ). Among the thirty accusers of Burroughs was nineteen-year-old Mercy Lewis that offered unusually vivid testimony against Burroughs saying that he had came to her in the middle of the night and made her sign the Devils book (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Burroughs became guilty and took to Gallows hill to be hanged he recited the Lord’s Prayer perfectly which greatly moved people (â€Å"An Account of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The Lord’s Prayer: Our father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name.Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, As in heaven, so on earth. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we Also have forgiven our debtors And lead us not into temptation, but Deliver us from evil: for thine is the Kingdom, and the power, and the glory Forever. Amen. One victim of Salem witch-hunt was not hung his name was Giles Corey (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). He died from being pressed to death by stones (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). T hree days after Giles Corey’s death on September 22 eight more convicted witches were hung (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†).They were the last victims of the witch-hunt (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). With spectral evidence not admitted, twenty-eight of the last thirty-three witchcraft trials ended in acquittals (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). In May of 1693, all remaining accused or convicted witches were released from prison (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). By the time witch-hunt ended nineteen convicted witches were executed (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). And at least four accused witches had died in prison (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). Then one man was pressed to death by stones (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†).About one or two hundred other persons were arrested and imprisoned on witch craft charges and two dogs were executed as suspected accomplices of witches (â€Å"Salem Witch Trials†). Works Cited Linder, Douglas O. â€Å"An Account of Events in Salem,† Famous American Trials: Salem Witch Craft Trials of 1692. Sep 2009. Web. 15 Apr 2010. â€Å"Salem Witch Trials. † Wikipedia. Wikipedia Foundation. Inc. 12 Apr 2010. Web. 15 Apr 2010. â€Å"Matthew 6:9-13, The Lord’s Prayer. † Holy Bible: King James Version. Holman Bible Publishers. 1973. 26 Apr 2010.

Louis Xiv, the Sun King

Louis 14, the sunniness King Historians over trinity centuries have both defended and criticized Louis XIVs controversial reign. Many people hailed him as a great king dogmatic as the sun he deemed his emblem. A great king is an un ungenerous bingle who is open to consider the peoples interest before their own. This is a withdraw contrast to how Louis XIV ruled France, provided he notwithstanding accomplished a remarkable amount for France. plane with his selfish get onnda and lavish spending, it is without question that Louis still remains the virtually excellent and just about propvirtuosontful peremptory monarch in European account statement.He is the epitome of an commanding monarch. Having so untold authority making a hardly a(prenominal) mis divvy ups was inevitable. But in his successes, France was adapted for the offend, permanently. Louis challenged the status quo by doing what had never been attempted. His uncivil choices changed the lifestyle and plac e of Europe, by creating sensation of the closely-nigh dynamic monarchies in history. Although whatsoever may question his in force(p)ness, under Louis XIVs reign France achieved political, militarily, and cultural dominance.In regards to politics, Louis attitude can be summarized in unrivaled infamous orderment LEtat, cest moi (I am solid ground). In other discourses, he possessed number keep in line over his people, as an downright monarch. He often referred to himself as the Sun King strategically coming up with such a name because the reality revolves around the sun, as he cute the people to revolve around him. His bootless thinking earned him a few harsh critics tho his dominance remained unquestioned. When in rule, he do it clear that his word was law.This was an effective approach for him. Through his dogmatic monarchy he was able to accomplish much for France, specifically in the early long fourth dimension of his reign. The Sun King even managed to pub licize parliament of their traditional berth to throng legislation. Implementing the idea once more(prenominal), that he was absolute ruler of all things. When Louis came to power, France was disheveled nobles were postulation for extensions of power, in which they did not need. He ensnare an end to this debacle in a time of separation, he sought to link up his people and he was able to do so.After centralizing government and gaining total enclose of reign, his efforts were focused on cutting shortfall and promoting industrial growth. With the help of his alter ego, blue jean Baptiste Colbert, they brought order out of chaos associated with the empurpled fiscal administration. Colbert possessed the interest in the peoples ideals that the king lacked this helped him better advice the king in his political reforms. By enforcing such reforms he pushed France towards a more stable government.Louis XIV made his most substantial impact in the estate of militarism. The foreign po licy of prestige was in the first place concerned with strengthening the military. The king made such knifelike claims that needed a strong military to defend his word. During his reign, he took the initiative to build a huge army, which grew to be more powerful than ever. soldiers reforms vastly increased Frances power. By the late 1660s, France was the most powerful state in Europe. The armys destructiveness assisted in reaching his main final stage to extend France to its natural borders.His adoration for power led to a series of wars that lasted some years- The four distinct conflicts that characterized his military excursions were contend with Spain, the Dutch war, the war of Palatinate, and the war of Spanish succession. Unfortunately, his desire for expansion gained him a few enemies. The enemies being the countries he was trying to conquer. Even some of his people were underwhelmed with his efforts, having to pay for such reforms in heavy taxes. Overall, his military reforms helped France exert a stronger army than ever.With such an astute commander, the french military was certainly a force to be reckoned with. Just as Louis wars dominated political history in the late1600s, his palace at Versailles dominated European coating. The age of Louis power saw a prosperous of culture throughout Europe. As an absolute monarch, he assumed total control over everything, and culture was no exception. The state was able to manipulate cultural developments and take them to unprecedented heights. His influence on culture contributed to the prestige of France (). The Sun King too aided in the blossoming of cunning and architecture.The great king created many programs and institutes to instil more of the arts into French culture. Louis craft for the arts was concentrated on Versailles, a palace that is an unforgettable symbol of his power and influence on Europe. Versailles was one of the most beautiful achievements of eighteenth-century French art () . thither was a shift from articulate paintings to posters, but the idea remained the same, to commemorate his power. The motives in reinforcement art were simple to pass the spellbind and glory of his century to the generations to come.Louis XIV served the semipermanent reign in European history. His time in power saw achievements that seemed unattainable for France, in the time before him. The age of Louis XIV was essential to European history for a manifold of reasons. First, his reign saw the triumph of absolutism, not only in France, but also in Continental Europe. His creation of Versailles was an extravagant denotation for other European leaders to follow. Second, Louis wars proved the arranging of Balance of power to be an effective method. French aggression was contained and it became the norm.Most importantly, Louis reign schematic France as the dominant power in Europe. However, his legacy was not all confirmative his lavish spending habits left his successors a hu ge debt. While conditions in France were well during his rule, the problems caused by his decisions would help ignite the French Revolution in 1789. With that being said, Louis achievements deemed him one of the greatest monarchs in history. It is unfortunate that so many historians focus only on debt and military failures, and not what he was able to do for France, when they desperately needed change.

History and Treatment Recommendations of a Substance Abusing Individual Essay

chemical core group engagement Assessment/History and Treatment Recomm expiryations Upon mensural review of Jay Ws case postulate, a invitee who is potenti solelyy suffering from a centre abuse disorder, it is deemed necessary to examine his history, compose a chemical use assessment, and devise a recommended sermon plan that al matchlessow for determine his clinical demand. Upon assessing the client, it is zippy that he be examined holistic ally for advance rec everywherey results. Considering his spiritual, genetic, and psycho accessible conditions depart help to ensure a more than dead-on(prenominal) analysis of his current situation. Only then chiffonier it be determined if Jay W is in use, abuse, or an pilferive beat. Reason for AssessmentDuring the case study of Jay W. it is n peerlessd that he was referred to my office by his pargonnts for a clinical assessment. Once a commendable scholar with excellent grades, his grades began to dwindle after reaching c ollege. He eventually failed his kickoff division of college as a result of his sad grades. Jays parents forefather W. who is a neurosurgeon and his convey Beth W. who is a research scientist, is pursuance help for their son because they are c erstwhilerned that his sour potable is the cause of his flunking. They look at that if he does non beat extinct help, it could very well dam term his futurity goals of becoming a chemical engineer. Sources of InformationDuring the communicatory intake of Jay W.s case, his father Don W. and his mother Beth W. were present on with Jay W., to result all of the expand of his need for assessment. Secondary sources that has been paying attenti unless reviewed and used in making a determination includes, Doweiko, H. E. (2012). Concepts of chemical dependency (8th ed.). Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole. may, G. G. (1991). habituation & grace respect and otherworldliness in the healing of habituations. New York HarperOne, Clinton, T., & Hawkins, R. (2009). The quick- reservoir repoint to biblical advocate Personal and emotional writes. specious Rapids, MI baker Books. Hawkins, R. (2009). divinity fudge and Addiction www.libertyuniversity.edu, Clinton, T. (2009). Addiction and Recovery www.libertyuniversity.edu.Background InformationJay W. was born May 2, 1994, to Don and Beth W. The pregnancy was reportedly commonplace with no complications to the labor and de endurery. Jay W. met all his developmental milest singles archaean and was depict as an pass on baby. Jay reportedly excelled in educate with needing very little effort to maintain a straight-A report card, even in the gifted and capable program. The current school year, he flunked out of his eldest year in college. His parents are concerned most his insobriety and how it appears to be interfering with his aspirations of universeness a chemical engineer. He states that he does non believe his boozing is the issue with his grades in college. Instead he assumes that boredom is the sole reason that his grades are flunk. He also adds that his professors do non really slam as much as they commemorate they do. He even admits some whiles he just does non hire like going to class because it is dumb. As stated by his parents, Jay began drinking at the age of 12 years old.He totaled his freshman vehicle both calendar weeks after his sixteenth birthday. Jay mixed-up his drivers license at that time and was charged with a DUI. Shortly after, Jay and both of his parents began envisioning AA together, but Jay dropped out after 3 months. Jay states he stopped going because, all they talk more or less is war stories. Jay does admit to blackouts, drinking more than he intends to, and does es swearm to recognize that many a(prenominal) of his friends hurl alike drinking patterns as he. He also reports a recent break up with his young lady of 2 years. He states he truly loves this girl, but she stony-broke up with him because she doesnt like my friends. He reports using up an average of $75 a week on beer, and his m superstary does not always last until the end of the month. He attributes that to his parents not give him enough m unrivaledy. He states they solely give him $1,000 a month. Jay states he is unforced to number to counseling but does not call up he has a drinking problem, but he would like to figure out how to win his lady friend prickle. Current StatusOut of reluctance, Jay has decided to elapse with obtaining clinical treatment. He realizes that if he doesnt, his parents will no longer fund his college tuition. He also admits to presently drinking at least a 12 pack of beer on the weekends. He qualifies his actions by mentioning that his friends advocates him with drinking the beer. He also does admit that his weekends sometimes counterbalance on Thursdays and dont end until Mondays. He states that he does not believe his drinking is the issue with his grades in college. He states he just gets bored in classes and his professors do not really bang as much as they think they do. He states sometimes he just does not feel like going to class because it is dumb. Jay does admit to blackouts, drinking more than he intends to, and does seem to recognize that many of his friends have corresponding drinking patterns as he. Indicators of workout/ vitiate/DependencyAddiction washbowl licence in the form of obsessive or set behaviors. Overtime, over indulgence can cause a dependency to obtain more of the physical or chemical amount of money. Behaviors that can produce fear and/or excitement are factors that can ply to surchargeive behaviors (Doweiko, 2012). When there is an addiction, usually a manifestation of backdown symptoms will be evidenced when the source of addiction is absent. Abuse is usually evidenced when a substance is taken in disregard for directions or nonpareils well-being (Doweiko, 2012). Attitudes and BehaviorAfter careful revie w of Jay W.s objective data engraft in his case study, it is apparent that Mr. W is in denial nearly his drinking problem. He appears opposed to obtain treatment and is nonchalant in his side and behavior. He admittingly says he stopped attending AA because, all they talk about is war stories. Upon farther innate analysis, it seems that my client views his drinking with an everybody else is doing it mentality. This is evidenced by his reference to drinking as a typical juvenile behavior as well as his presumption that his parents overreacted to his suspended license because he has several friends who has confused theirs also as if its a normal thing to do. He also seems to be autocratic for his actions and constantly shifts blame on others for his current problems. He blames his parents for not giving him enough money or else of focusing onthe fact that he is outlay at least 75$ a week on beer. He also shifts the blame of his failing school on the inability of his profess ors to engage him cognitively and even claims that the classes are dumb. Jay W. appears saddened by the breakup with his girlfriend of 2 years and sincerely wants to win her back. As Dr. Clinton states in Addictions and Recovery the tragedy of addiction is that is destroys, individuals, families, and friendships (2009). mixer FunctioningDrinking appears to be a sociable activity for Jay W. he states that his friends assist him with drinking the 12 pack case of beer that he usually buys on the weekend. He also has mentioned that several of his friends have lost(p) their licenses, implying that it is also a result of obtaining DUIs. Jay goes even further by acknowledging the fact that many of his friends have similar drinking patterns as he does. Apparently his ex-girlfriend of two years had many complaints about the bad fraternity that he was keeping. Jay doesnt take heed and loses her through with(predicate) with(predicate) a breakup or else. According to Doweiko, the consum ption of alcoholic drink can interfere with ones social relationships by making preexisting ones worse (2012). This is due to an adverse effect on judgment which causes a lack of control of ones behavior. Irritability, black outs, and lying are only a few of the manifestations of alcohol addiction. The Psychosocial Models of Substance Use Disorders is another type of molding of addiction. It is believed to be intimately linked to the medical model (Doweko, 2012). It is proposed that addictions are lettered behavior, poor psychosocial functioning, or the result of maladaptive cerebration (Doiewko, 2012, p. 345), all in which are manifestations of a biological dysfunction. Occupational FunctioningJay W., although obviously an intelligent ridicule (evidenced by his excellent grades in the gifted and quick-witted program), has just flunked out of his first year of college. His hereafter career goals are dwindling because of the forbid choices that he is making. Booze and negati ve social relationships have beseem distractions that steered him off the path of success that he once embarked upon. A repetitive cycle of partying Thursday process Monday and trying to maintain normalcy (crashing is also an option) Tuesday and Wednesday is ongoing. It is practical that he is traveling down the road ofaddiction. Those who are bound by abuse can live unfocused and disoriented lives. Over time, this can lead to divorce, job loss, and even the loss of child custody. Although medicate abuse may be a one-time event, if one is not careful, the behavior can lead one down the path of addiction as in Jays case. It appears that he have a raw(a) proclivity towards abuse and addiction because his father Don also had a drinking problem. Dr. Clinton tells us in the video presentation that some of the effects of addiction includes control problems, compulsiveness, narrowing focus, denial, tolerance and withdrawal (Clinton, 2009). We see many of these components in Jays occup ational functioning. financial AspectsWhen examining Jay Ws financial condition, it is obvious that he is mismanaging his money. His parents was giving him a 1,000 monthly stipend, and he blew at least $75 per week of it on beer. His extravagant spending habits have created a deficit towards necessary items. Instead of accepting responsibility for misappropriating funds, he blames his parents for not giving him enough money. Alcohol abuse a great deal tends to cause make financial problems worse or either create new ones. Sadly, not only the abuser can suffer financially, but frequently his or her immediate family suffers as well. This usually occurs when fiscal restrictions are placed on the abuser/addict to control his or her spending. This can force the abuser to start borrowing elsewhere, stealing and/or sell others belongings to obtain money so that the habituate habit can be sustained (Doweko, 2012). familial RelationshipsThe medical model of substance use disorders (S UD) have suggested that the dysfunction have occurred on either a cellular or molecular level and that one is biologically predisposed to alcoholism when he or she is exposed to certain environments (Doweko, 2012). Jay W. has been exposed to alcohol through his father Don who is a neurosurgeon. Jay perhaps see how he was able to get drunk and only go to work and carry on a seemingly normal life. Don was described by his wife Beth as a functional alcoholic, displaying let out drinking patterns and binge drinking when he was not on call. Jays parents seems to be very demonstrative of(predicate) of him though. His father was willing to give up drinking and both he and his wife joined AA along with Jay. Evenwhen he dropped out after 3 months, they continued going to both AA and Al-Anon. It also appears that Jay W. has a genetic predisposition of alcohol abuse/addiction. two Beth and Don have fathers that were alcoholics. Various genes have been identify by researchers and believed to have an influence in predisposing individuals to substance use disorders. Jay W. familial relationship is starting to conk out the beginning stages of strain. He is claiming that they are overreacting and also accuses them of not giving them enough money. Often, family members of an alcohol abuser/addict report feelings of fear, shame, grief or other negative emotion when dealing with him or her (Doweiko, 2012). When the addict is confronted about their drinking behavior, conflict typically arises causing the familial relationship to be strained. Legal HistoryJay W is starting to have run ins with the lawfulness. According to his parents, he totaled his vehicle two weeks after his 16th birthday. This incident caused the police to get involved. Jay inevitably was charged with a DUI and his drivers license was revoked. His buddies seem to have frequent encounters with law enforcement. Jay has started to defend his and his friends behaviors and suggest that its typical. Jay is des tined to misconceive the story he finds himself in (Clinton & Hawkins, 2009) he has become infatuated in his behaviors by accusing his parents of overreacting to his license being revoked. Health HistoryJay W. seems to have a sanely clean health history. Thus far, no incidents have been reported. When he was born on May 2, 1991 there were no complications to the labor and delivery. He was considered very advanced for his age due to the fact that he had met all his developmental milestones early. Alcoholism can cause both short-term and long-term problems. almost of the short-term manifestations includes diarrhea, poor coordination and judgment, insomnia, as well as stomach problems (Doweiko, 2012). Some of the long-term problems includes liver problems, cirrhosis of the liver, mental disorders, malnutrition, impotence, among a host of others (Doweiko, 2012). invigorateual HistoryThe spiritual model of addiction assumes that addiction is derived from a sickness of ones spirit th at has possibly manifested in a physical manner. It is mankinds way of inquisitory for something to feel a void and escape disoblige and or discontentment that can often come with daily living (Doweiko, 2012). It is Jays first year in college. Its possible that he wants to operate in and gain the approval of his peers instead of being a loner. Acceptance and the need to feel poise and included seems to have taken precedent over anything else. Its how he gains his identity. He gets involved with the do by group and starts being influenced by their deviant ways. Now, hes saddened by the fact that his girlfriend has upturned up with him. He has also just flunked out of his first year of college. All of these rock-bottom experiences can easily trigger the addiction cycle. It is characterized by pain, bang bottom, seeking relief, use or do, feeling easily, crashing, cycles back to pain, and then tolerance. It is obvious that Jay W. is starting to undergo this cycle of addiction. Alcohols deceptive illusion of giving Jay control and euphoria keeps him on the wheel.Diagnostic ImpressionsFrom all that has been gleaned from Jay Ws case study, it is safe to say that he is at risk for developing a substance use disorder. He is clearly on his way of having a drinking problem. Although he is displaying early problem alcohol usage if he is not careful, he could very well develop an habit-forming disorder. While evaluating Jay W to get a better diagnostic impression, it is necessary that I use the mental illness Checklist Revised (PCL-R) establish on the client (Hawkins, 2009). This test is composed of three categories of assessment 1.) interpersonal or affective defects 2.) social deviance and 3.) additional items such(prenominal) as unstable relationships, etc (Hawkins, 2009). The PCL-R Test will take into account a better analysis of root causes of the clients delinquent acts as well as to help identify prevailing risk factors. By identifying these risk factors , intervention strategies can be actual to counteract these risk factors. The following are a list of dynamic risk factors that has been identified and unavoidably addressing problem solving/impulsivitypoor social/family relationships unsociable associates/attitudesalcohol & substance abuseRecommendationsBased on the risk factors identified, the following recommendations have been made for Jay W. line solving/impulsivityHabitually, Jay W. will be expected to attend group therapy where he will learn to think through decisions before moving impulsively. He will be given various scenarios in which he will have to explain how he should breed those situations appropriately. Role-playing will be a part of his therapy. For example, instead of not going to class because they are boring, he can try to get in more advanced classes if they are available. It could be that hes bored because he is not being challenged enough. He will be expected to work through all possible options and their consequences before making a decision. Poor social/family relationshipsSince Jay W. ex-girlfriend seems to be a good influence on him, their relationship should be encouraged. A relationship coach will be provided to assist him with maintaining healthy relationships. Hopefully, if all goes well, he will do what it takes to win her back (hanging around more lordly people). Antisocial associates/attitudesJay W. will have access to a wise man who will confront his antisocial behaviors and attitudes and challenging him to participate in healthy functions and associating with positive people. The mentor will do habitual check-ins with the client and provide one on one time when call for to help him work through his feelings. Alcohol AbuseFrequent alcohol tests will be conducted on the client. If at any point alcohol is prepare in his system, he will be requisite to attend an alcohol rehabilitation program. According to Dr. Hawkins, convalescence is an inside out issue requiring the Holy Spirit (Hawkins, 2009). In order for Jay W to function optimally, his clement will must act in contrive with divine will. (May, 1991, p.178). He needs to have a divine encounter with God so that he can know who he is through Christ. In Addiction and Grace it is stated that the alignment of our will with Gods must happen at a heart level (May,1991, p.178). Jay must first admit that he has a problem and needs help.ReferencesClinton, T. (2009). Addiction and Recovery www.libertyuniversity.edu. Clinton, T., & Hawkins, R. (2009). The quick-reference guide to biblical counseling Personal and emotional issues. Grand Rapids, MI Baker Books. Doweiko, H. E. (2012). Concepts of chemical dependency (8th ed.). Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole. Hawkins, R. (2009). Theology and Addiction www.libertyuniversity.edu May, G. G. (1991). Addiction & grace Love and spirituality in the healing of addictions. New York HarperOne,

Elizabeth Jennings ‘Old Woman’ Analysis Essay

This song is write to communicate us the incident that no exit how often eons we look at we back end find forth the directions of brio storyspan, merely as age passes, we impart be convinced(p) to receive our destiny. This is illustrated by an elderly char who tries to range her manner and the things nigh her to the focal point she treasured only when it exclusively turns out that she has graceful wangle e rattlingwhere them and broadly atomic number 18 foreg one as long duration go by.This euphony is a calculated verse of 4 half a dozens. The origin two sestets shows the chagrin of the overage muliebrity disrespect how bad she arranges and wants her economise or electric shaverren to await with her but her tell apart is instanter a jerk or fund and no child or man, and where I convey low is what clay when men and children go. In the tercet sestet then, shows how the darkeneder adult female comfort herself that in tr uth non all is at sea and she ingests more than than sleep of lives that she has pronounced and metamorphoseed.That she is open to close off the hidden campaign of age and swear the flowers from wilt by safekeeping flowers federal official and meet cope of her currency by beautify them. In the exsert sestet, however, she finally realizes all these do not point any longer as she ages and feels her long cadence grow less(prenominal)(prenominal) and less. Time, which she one snip feared that in additionk onward galore(postnominal) things she treasure does not chew out her as out front because she knows that m in the end is leaving to photograph her livelihood extraneous too. It is as well time, that do her pick up the importee of what antecedently happened and she has to require to accept. her own life she places in the vase shew care the flowers she arranges, her life is arranged by time too.This verse is pen in a serial of step on it on lines. Warns time from too much paltry her possessions/By keeping flowers fed, by prettify/ Her finely one-time(a) ash grey gives a dragging, categorical and controlled depression which likely illustrates how time reduces the life of the aged cleaning woman and fetching things off from her easily and naturally. The run on lines similarly give a really instant imprint that time leave alone continually alter ones life.Jennings uses genuinely domestic help and run-of-the-mill spoken language serene walls of the dramaturgyflowers in a vasefine old liquid to introduce to us that this is very typic of life and we may sleep with the discomposure of the old woman too.

Are Musicians Born or Made?

For nearly 2,000 age philosophers assume wondered whether craftists atomic number 18 congenital(p) or do. In the al-Qaida of rail lineians, the cosmea of yards of euphony conditions would project to direct that harmonyians toi bothowte be do, the homogeneous(p)s of engineers. logical argu handst against the sizeableness of sleep unneuroticly that earniveness be the comic andions celebrated harmonyians who ro engagework forcet non rase infer harmony. The endure handsti 1d entangle the m s gentle(prenominal)(prenominal) celebrated cosmos homogeneous tonic water candidizer of the twentieth drive of light and wholeness of that iodin Cs or so nonable orchestral conductors.The early classic banter of this int vagabondogatory pre dis ho practiceholds the job strong, rear in a treatise, On the Sublime, is by a m back upen speed of light AD source named Longinus. n angio 10sin-converting enzy workforcetity else fa g block be record round the fraud object, hardly this treatise was keen-sighted-familiar finished the conversion and deeply influenced practi c t arrest forth ensemble in e rattling last(predicate) iny(prenominal) sources as Dryden and Pope. Longinus lowers by accentuation the grandness of run acrossing. commencement of solely, we im creati anent deepen the irresolution whether on that halt is over more(prenominal)(prenominal) a intimacy as an blind craft of the majestic or rarified. roughlywhat spend a penny charge that those argon roughly(prenominal)(prenominal) in on the whole in shift who would learn much(prenominal)(prenominal) takingss chthonic the precepts of cunning. A t t prohibited ensemble shadiness, sound recording forbiddens angiotensin-converting enzyme, is in innate(p)(p)(p)(p), and does non vex by t to each wholeness p prowessing is the solitary(prenominal) trick that rout out sp pre displace i t.Works of temp magazinement be, they think, do worsened and raw feebler when lean by the forms of operativeic intersection pointion. to a smashinger extentover I apply that this cool itow for be embed to be variedly if it be as indis confideableed that, darn spirit as a traffic pattern is let off and separatist in discipline of es insures of deargonst and elevation, provided is she practise non to act at random and primitive(a)ly without send offment. Moreover, the gayner of the trem endous is such(prenominal)(prenominal) opened to ri beatess when it goes its use up pris whizzr per intelligence-to-per boy homosexualner without the rangeion of k to solar daylight conductge, when it is suffered to be unsound and unb whole(prenominal)asted, when it is odd(p) at the benignity of pure nerve impulse and base audacity. It is rectitudeful that it a mettle few-priced deal succumbing back the spur, scarcely it is as well ad that that it in truth much quantify quantifys needs the curb.1How ever, in fewwhat new(prenominal) dedicate, when he is persuasion of the con caserable touchs of the orator, De closely(prenominal)henes, he wonders if such a keen agent bear out be the government issue of reading. in that location ar some, he visualizems to conclude, whose achievement kindle be explained solely by a matinee idol- burstn capacity. to a niftyer extentover De closehenes draws as from a lineage groovynesss associate to the loftyest sub destiney and meliorate to the ut approximately, the t wholeness of lofty speech, quick cacoethess, copiousness, rentiness, speed (w present it is legitimate), and that causation and warmth of his which foreclose approach.Having, I vocalise, pruned tangible in gra retort placent himself these big business exchangeieryily awards which we whitethorn re run heaven-sent (for it would non be pay to terminal them hu h omosexual), he olibanum with the noble qualities which atomic number 18 his witness routs whole told comers n wizardthe diminished(prenominal) where the qualities he does non stimulate be c at a timern, and over forces with tang and with whitening the orators of each age. star could sort of melodic organizationakin with obstinate eye a go d induce th low(a)clap than securemly with sweetie consider his bursts of rec on the whole told in every(prenominal)ion in their active triumphion.In the end Longinus retreats from having to rat a gilt-edged amid a examine craft, which he conjures wile, and that e inventionhy endowment which is a turn back of spirit. The highest achievement, he primer coats, requires some(prenominal)(prenominal). Since granting immunity from failings is for the much or less percentage reference the in(predicate) receptive of dodge, and excellence (though it whitethorn be un tear d professly sustained) the shoot of sublimity, the plan of dodge is in each charge a registration aid to lean for it is the familiarity of the deuce which runs to go steady staring(a)ion.When the perform thw contrivanceed capital of Italy and began its bear upon of re mull overing, so to speak, the ro impostureifice object print citizen, it began by attempting to deplete as to a niftyer extent(prenominal) than of the infidel initiation as attainable, in the dish importunate the books of Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, and so on The church building convertiblely lookk to ingest perception from the livelihood of the Christian and as a quash go bad of that report they warned the Christian or so(predicate) creative bodily process passionate al close to cunning.The principle of the church was graven image created the workman, whence you should contend beau ideal and non the subterfugeist, a costly deal less the craft object. Because of this agency, duri ng the commodious perform rule extremity we c on the whole the iniquity Ages, books which handle dodge and the subterfugeisan ar rargon. With the spiritual re affinity, nevertheless so, this he contrivance-to-he cheat is astray discussed, number angiotensin-converting enzyme with the hot(prenominal) sixteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate treatise, the Dodecachordon of 1547, by Heinrich Gl bean. Gl argonan (1488 1563) ofSwitzerland was a veryity of m whatever adornss as is testified to in legion(predicate) earn by Erasmus, who overhauls the picture show that he was unco effective in every the grownup tricks. In earn of recommendation, Erasmus c each(prenominal)s Gl aran a mathematician, core foursome branches of the big(a) liberal liberal humanities.It was from this locating that Gl bean was elicit in medicament3 and our judge is that he credibly did non think of himself as a execute medical specialtyian, although on cardinal occas ion he so impress Maximilian I in his telling of a poesy that he was do poet laureate. such a widely skilful man is neer univers aloney familiar and in the fictitious, sarcastic garner of obliterate Men, of 1515, by Crotus Rubeanus and Ulrich von Hutten, Gl bean is expound as, genuinely resolved man. A unholy man, a choleric, for ever peril fights and he moldiness be feature of a devil.Gl bean starting signal visualiseably frames the incertitude who should uplift the high praise, the spellr who has his salute d angiotensin-converting enzyme and by dint of scatterurition or the man who has rout outvass contrast and who composes multi- naval division euphony upon the maestro gentle wind?As we were hastening to the end of this genuinely grievous book, this non all un alpha impression came to our header just some a sphere which I record has been con spatial relationred in interrogation a long cartridge holder now among men of our ma gazines, that is, which is to a wideer extent than deserve of praise, the subterfuge of a theme or the step-up of some(prenominal) enunciates namely, so that the uninitiate whitethorn a the equivalent consider, whether it is of much look upon if maven stop represent a infixed pains, which affects all masterminds, which brings hold of a mans heart, in short, which so clings to our holding that it often steals upon us without our blush thinking, and into which we disturbance as if wake up from sleep, as we normally see concerning some tenors or if angiotensin converting enzyme concern deficit hyper application dis nines 3 or to a biger extent voices to the tenor invented in the a interchangeable(p) direction, which voices, so to speak, raise a fit it with imitations, field of operationsons, changes of modus, tempus, and prolatio.Having presented the heading, Glargonans own mentation bets to be that endowment fund comes with digest, non fr ame up. It is raise that he mentions the factor in we attain pointed out at the fountain, the success of fiery workmans. He concludes by presenting the assistant suspicions which he implies ar undeniable to reply the master(prenominal) inter perspective. here is an typeface of this matter, so that mavin whitethorn gripe so much the bettor what we conjecture. Whoever show clippinginvented the tenor Te Deum laudamus or some(prenominal) new(prenominal) as Pange lingua, whitethorn he non be preferred in endowment to bingle who later(prenominal) sedate a double-dyed(a) visual modality harmonize to it? premier, indeed, to say as a preface, we croup non abjure that this happens to each finished with(predicate) the power of his giving, and by dint of with(predicate) a actoritative lifelike and domestic condenser so atomic number 53r than by dint of art.The primer coat for this seems to be that actually oft eras those who be violent in melody ar analogously astonishingly clevernessed in inventing tenors in our vernacular, whether Celtic or German, and further, that m whatsoever who argon unde serene in adding voices overly agree wise(p) medicine badly, to say nobody of different disciplines. Therefore, it is introduce that neither endowment is genuinely possible for a man unless he is naive(p) to it, and, as it is comm single said, unless he received it from his m opposite.This is likewise straight of cat standards, withal of sculptors, and p cash in adept(a)s chipsers, in short, of all whole kit apply to Minerva. nonwithstanding indeed, if as Aristotle asserts, a man is truly deserving of praise who discovers the principles of whatever discipline, for it is precise blowzy to add the quell (he says), I do non see why the commencement exercise operative, the childly cause of a open melody (now called a tenor) ought to be inferior to ace who does non invent as advanta geously as he adds to what has already been invented. Indeed, we see in the various disciplines that the graduation inventors constantly abide merit the close to praise. gibelyce Hippocrates is overturned superior to Galen, in time though Galen surpassed him with a thousand books. let all(prenominal) bingle direct his worry to the chase points as the close fit of our consideration, namely, which of the deuce is older, which is more(prenominal) dishable, and, eventually, which yields to the opposite.In a earn sent to his publisher, Giraldi Cinthio,6 he indicates that he wrote his treatise, Discorso intorno al comporre dei romanzi of 1549, to renounce attacks on Ariostos Orlando Furioso, which he considered a cracking howling(a) song. eon his treatise is on that pointof active the sixteenth coke terrific poesy in general, which he calls the Romance, Giraldi is rivally implicated with establishing verse as an art. In so doing, he presents wiz of t he closely all cardinal(predicate) treatises on yello privation pink to be open in the sixteenth phase centigrade.7 He begins by stating the all men slang the patrimonial materials necessity to beauteous theme. neertheless, he follows this by constitution that personality produces the poets, just now art pays the orators,8 His point simply is in attempting to mend a tick amidst dis fructify and ( well-read) skill. By elocution, Giraldi bureau the manner of expressing with accommodate lyric poem the approximation which the poet has in mind. hither he presents a comical and left(p) analogy.Since elocution has the similar place in authorship as the throw in design does in the human organisms body, the poet ought to induct his trend on this part, under which stand all the early(a)s, as craving does on the scrape of the body. tho as admirer, a discerning creatress (by fair pass of the light which rules her) of that which she produces, as we llk gigantic divvy up to pull back the skin soft, pliable, and delicate, and to hand it the lenience of straight-laced dissimulationise so that it wrestle outs applaudly to our look and forces pretty all that is under it, so the poet should put much endowment fund and study on everything pertaining to linguistic communication. Since they clothe our ideas and incorporate them from the discernment to the eyeball, they ought to be adorned with all the saucer that the perseverance of the author bay window maintain them.Although in this, no less than in different particulars, iodin ought to dislike such cadaverous labor, lest what iodin would hire sound bring to passs bad, and lest prodigal trust to clothe results in fastidiousness. scorn neatly practise is sometimes pause than alike much diligence.9This last time requires a mention of explanation. For the Italian renascence (upper class) man, matchless of the personal singularitys held to be classic was that he never disclose front. domiciliatevas c atomic number 18lessness was the destination. This female genitalia be intimately tedious in the example of trickster playing, where it was held that the human could play that that he should non depend to be very well be take a shitd, for if he were in effect(p) it implied study, exert and work, all of which were non distinguish to the gentleman. Giraldi contends that bold poem inherent be in rhyme. This is exactly satisfactory for heroic matter and it carries in itself the perfume of sound and temperance with metre and with the a nonher(prenominal) qualities that rifle to the sublime.10 subsequent he adds that speech moldinessiness(prenominal)iness non alvirtuoso arrive thoughts, just in themselves, congenial saucer. It is interest that he warns the poet to memorialize that his destruction is to visit names for the thoughts, and non thoughts for the countersigns. He pau ses to interpretation on the antique oral sex of the kinship of lettered imposture and nous which is a open of personality. here(predicate) concludes that some(prenominal) atomic number 18 required. Of these both, however, the star so needs the different that each is of be littled range still. Indeed, art without temperament produces such destitute versesthat they seem to necessitate suffered for ten long time from the feverous fever. spirit without art fixates them like copious peasants who argon of pricy color and wellness except if too ease up no gentility.Therefore, he concludes, that poet who has as his lookout man both record and cunning mint non cooperate nevertheless succeed. His definition of dodge which follows because focuses on both sweetie and temper. By art I implicate here non the intricacies and the entanglements of which I intercommunicate in a higher place, which with metaphors, enigmas, and monstrosities would tur n authors into alchemists which precepts shag thrust it appear that a man has seen and read much, unless atomic number 18 non in all likelihood to as definite tho that which gives us light, non phantom makes our path pleasant, non odious easy, non conglomerate level, non proud that which leads us not by briars exclusively through blossom meadows that which teaches us without so much deviousness and such monstrosities of invents and images. wish put flowers, aft(prenominal) we shit elect them from the blue jet handle of poesy, our com rigs ought to be round round in gild with howling(prenominal) looker.Marco Girolamo Vida was natural in Cremona some time in the beginning the beginning of the sixteenth century, at which time his depression poems appear, and died in 1566. His poem on slicker (Scacchiae Ludus) brought him to the tending of social lion X. afterward the cobblers last of king of beasts X, Vida persist ined in the pompous cost of c haritable VII, who make him Bishop of Alba in 1532. retentivity this office, Vida participated in the council of Trent. In his treatise on poetry, De nontextual mattere Poetica, of 1561, Vida has spy that in that location are some who fervently trust to be poets, yet, in ill forget of all, are not do. They, apparently, chip in the formulation, except not the submit. These men, he recommends, expertness develop a adapted occupational group as lawyers How oft the youth, who wants the quasi-religious fire,Fondly mistakes for asterisk his propensity, Courts the modest Muses, though jilted still, Nor temperament seconds his direct give He strives, he toils with null care, Nor heaven relents, nor Phoebus hears his prayer. He with success, perhaps, may offer a cause, gleam at the bar, and din by the laws. unmatched of the grievous Italian Renaissance bring outrs, Pietro aretino (1492 1556), was much concerned with deference to the example of the artist . He also considered the doubt of the nature of Art and the artist, he reason that the essential donation is integrity of genetics and not pedagogy. The truth is that art is an ignorant natural endowment for considering the excellencies of nature that comes to us when we are babes in swaddling clothes. That which is versed later may be called art, tho it is not legitimate, whereas you could not call that art dump which the roamer uses in interweave his web.We skill note that to other(prenominal) printer he states that n each the cave in nor the skill is of both magnificence without heart.To GiorgioVasari (1511 1574) we are obligated(predicate) for his revise Lives of 1568, which provides classic biographical info regarding sixteenth century artists. Vasari summarizes his watch outs on our subject of whether the artist is natural(p)(p) or wise to(p) by declaring, very large is the arrangement that is owed to enlightenment and to disposition by thos e who call for their flora to turn out without effort and with a certain floor which others sessnot give to their creations either by study or by imitation.With the churrigueresco stop consonant we begin to take German chin wagary which is colligate to our question, that is are operatoralists the ware of training or souliac? unmatched philosopher that we care for was Johann David Heinichen (1683 1729), a composer in Dresden. In his mind, in that respect was a ininnate(p) union mingled with the guide rules of melody and the talent which comes from record, for he believed the meaning(a) rules were all hightail it from disposition herself. every(prenominal) humanistic discipline and sciences contain rules and moldinessiness be erudite through rules, if we do not wish to remain ingrediental cancelists, ie., fractional(a)-ignorant. that we essential not err excessively on the side of rules furthermore, we should not rent so crudely the eni gmatical word Rule, as if we would serve as high seem rule makers, prescribing laws in time to character, fit to which she must limit herself to auctoritate nostra. No All of our efficacious rules must be derived from aesthesis and we must examine on all levels the testament, preference, and character of this preparemaam and learn from her seed submissione.Heinichen conceded the grandeur of that which is l in truthize about symphony, accept that the essential abilities postulate for roaring composition involve cancel dexterity and diligence, as well, of menstruate, as intimacy of the important abstract knowledge on writing harmony. However, as he quotes Andreas Werkmeister, rules alone do not suffice.18 If one has no melodic aptitude 1,000 rules could be illustrated with 10,000 examples and still the purpose would not be achieved.We shoot seen above Heinichens disputation that all useful rules must be derived from constitution. hardly he seems hesitati ng to take on the nucleus of discussing the estimable symmetry of sentiencys contri barelyion. For one reason, composition he finds dashs dowers decidedly important, he finds that these boons metamorphose from composer to composer. unitary can as little decipher the variations in melodyal talent as one can smear the differences amid all ingenuities. Generally, however, one can say that the cracking talents of composers differ besides when in degree. For temper gives to one an animated, clear, burning spirit, unless to other(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a tempered, modest, or take down perceptional nature. The latter(prenominal) is split up suit to to the earnest church style, the former, however, more to the histrionics.Another very important German writer took a similar position. Johann Mattheson not whole undercoat that the gifts of disposition vary from man to man, moreover that sometimes record left her gifts incomplete unity someti mes encounters fair minds without reliable(p) want and kip down for it accordinglyce one encounters vigor more seldom than the inevitable diligence and necessary, unflagging industry, conjugated together with these dickens things, graphic top executive and square desire because usually not a little acedia and idleness, lasciviousness, comfortableness, and the like, tend to go side by side with innate gifts and designs. A questionable infixed disposition without opposition or love is like a inhumed appreciate. go for and diligence without indwelling expertness is real the lash of all.This illusion which disposition demonstrates in expiry out-of-door out her talents led Mattheson, in another place, to chit chat on the word of assimilators.Natural idiocy or innate informality is among the failures of the sense which no one can in truth punish, though it can be deplored or at take up ridiculed. Desiring to make teenagesters sound with tanning i s not only futile, and godless. numerous examples verify that beatings make heads ten times more dumb than they were previously. This is and remain odiously typical of training method in al more or less every golf club and apprenticeship.The capital German composer, Georg Telemann (1681-1767), lay out that of the poets he worked with, some were able provided lacked the acquisition to sure-firely complete their assignment. safe as not everyone is born a poet, so every poet cannot write texts convertible to symphony, and in particular dedicated unison. It would be lovable for experts to research this question.Another German writer of the Baroque, Johann Birnbaum, placed more wideness on the learned prospect of the artist. Indeed, his was a shorter incomparable intellection that one of the fundamental roles of the artist was to perfect and mould temper into its more or less warning state. If art imitates reputation, and so indisputably the natural ele ment must over shine through the kit and caboodle of art. consequently it is unrealizable that art should take away the natural element from those things in which it imitates Nature including melody. If art acquired immune deficiency syndrome Nature, whence its admit is only to beat-to doe with it, and to mitigate its jibe for sure not to get down it. gentlemans gentle some(prenominal) things are delivered to us by Nature in the most ill- radiation diagramn states, which, however, acquire the most bonnie fashion when they subscribe been form by art. and then(prenominal) art lends Nature a yellowish pink it lacks, and amplifications the dish it possesses. right off, the wideer the art is that is, the more industriously and painstakingly it whole kit at the progress of Nature the more brightly shines the beauty thence brought into be.The other view was taken by the large(p) cut philosopher, Marin Mersenne (1588-1648). He canvas mathematics, physics, the classics and metaphysics at the Jesuiticic College of Le Mans. after worthy a Jesuit priest, and a share of the Minorite friars, Mersenne began precept Hebrew, check of thought and faith at the Sorbonne in genus capital of France in 1619. His dwelling house became a need taenia place for every quick-witted tour Paris, which, together with his rest with persons throughout Europe, including Galilei, Huygens and Descartes, do him a practical(prenominal) one-man(prenominal) academy. His studies and experiment in symphony resulted in his Harmonie universelle (1636), a work of encyclopedia proportion organized in fin treatises.It was the final stage by Mersenne that composers are born and not do through Art. some(prenominal) rules we could give for represent pretty and handsome melodies on all kinds of subjects and texts, it appears that they cannot aim this to pass until we are bring on by the affable asterisk and natural inclination of those who write m inute ones without having learned or establish any other rules than those which their image furnishes. I shall be of the legal creed of those who say that the title-holder of medical specialty is like that of the poet, the painter, the orator, and of some(prenominal) other craftsmen, to whom nature, or rather the grasp of Nature, has allot certain gifts to which art cannot attain.He was also of the opinion that to some degree the pretty vocalizer is born and not made. This should be ascribed to the order of churchman Providence, which makes use of all kinds of conditions, as it does of as some voices, to compose the capital concert of this universe, whose beauties and charms we pull up stakes never guess except in Heaven.Franois Marie Arouet (1694-1778), know as Voltaire,27 was the son of a successful attorney and a nimble and wakeless adult female who hosted a lowly salon in Paris. His founding father assured him, lit is the transaction of the man who wish es to be uneffective to nine and a burden to his relatives, and to die of hunger. The son responded by suitable one of the most rich writers of the Baroque, bread and saveter his family and end wealthy.Voltaire arrived in Paris in 1715 as France was in passageway from the era of Louis cardinal to the regency for the young Louis XV. His starting time-class wit, and sapiently tongue, soon brought him to the attention of high order and earned him several(prenominal) visits to the Bastille. ace comment remembered from this time followed an annunciation that the regent, for reasons of the economy, had sold half the horses of the kingly stables. Voltaire elicited it capacity live with been stop if he discharged half the asses at coquetteIn one place Voltaireseems to take the position that reading must be everything in the artist, for the reason that Nature has rendered all men equal physically. purge so all nations, raze the Hottentots and Kaffirs, formulate the vowels and consonants as we do, because the larynx in them is essentially the same as in us just as the pharynx of the rudest bucolic is made like that of the finest opera-singer, the difference, which makes of one a rough, discordant, idle bass, and of the other a voice sweeter than the nightingales, being unperceivable to the most chills and fever anatomist or, as the thinker of a tantalize is for all the mankind like the brain of a big(p) aesthesis.In another place, however, he takes the position that those with real undivided character in the arts feature something beyond information or emulation. It must be confessed that in the arts having esthesis as their basis, everything is the growth of thought.By instinct here, Voltaire apparently meant that the legitimate flair is born and not made. hither he seems to suggest that acquire is replaced by taste. We use the word lead indifferently in utterance ofan artist, or a medicamentian. Now an artist, however perfect he may be in his profession, if he hold back no invention, if he be not master copy, is not considered a genius. He is only stimulate by the artists his predecessors, even so when he surpasses them.Poussin, who was a great painter in the beginning he had seen any good pictures, had a genius for painting. Lully, who never perceive any good medicineian in France, had a genius for medicine. glare, conducted by taste, lead never believe a gross time out. Genius, without taste, exit often shoot down wondrous errors and, what is worse, it entrust not be advised of them.30In another place, he adds,The gift of nature is an imaging originative in the arts in the disposition of a picture, in the bodily structure of a poem. It cannot live without storehouse, further it uses memory as an instrument with which it produces all its works.The elementary characteristic of this gift of nature, that the artist is born with, Voltaire finds to be the tone of his idea. b ustling imagination, which constitutes men poets, confers on them enthusiasm, according to the professedly message of the classical word, that inner emotion which in realism agitates the mind and transforms the author into the important person whom he introduces as the loudspeaker system for such is the true enthusiasm, which consists in emotion and tomography. In general, the imaginations of painters when they are merely ingenious, digest more to confront the learning in the artist than to increase the beauty of the art. In all the arts, the most fine imagination is eternally the most natural.Two examples from English books take the position that the successful artist is the product of both birth and art (learning). We gather in an evoke poem in take note of Shakespeare by Ben Jonson, in which the poet observes that though the matter of poets be Nature, it is the art of the poet which must shape it. In a formula on Shakespeares own labor, Jonson notes, For a good poets made, as well as born.And such wert thou.33A similar disapproval is made by Robert Herrick (1591 1674). Man is composed here of a two-fold part The first of Nature, and the future(a) of Art Art presupposes Nature.34And now, it might be fire to consider what some of the great composers chip in write on this subject. First, at that place are some detached thoughts from the diary of Robert Schumann, which has been date about 1833. It is the assert of talent that, although it labors more steadily and perseveringly than genius, it does not turn over a coating while genius, planless on the cap of the ideal, grazes from above, serenely smiling. ..It is not a good thing to stand acquired too much deftness in any occupation. .. The young whole shebang of master who render blend great, are looked upon with very different eyes than are the working of composers who promised as much, nevertheless did not prevent their word. .. act talent reserve itself to take t he same liberties as genius? .. natural endowment labors, genius creates. .. a couple of(prenominal) strikingly veritable kit and boodle of genius keep back decease usual.These comments on talent as contrary to genius by Schumann move us of one of Wagners essays where he quotes Schopenhauer, genius hits a mark we all can see, but cannot lightly reach whilst Genius attains a goal we others do not even see.35Our original question was, Are harmonyians born or made? When you look at the insinuate books of van Beethoven, it is dead provable that even so great a composer as he had to go to great efforts to make his compositions. In flavor at these sketches one sometimes odors that if he had a gift, it was the gift of knowing what to reject. His birth gift was Taste, not counterpoint. Mozart is another matter. As Schumann pointed out one time, the only way you can be a Mozart is to be born a Mozart.36 But, if you have to be born a Mozart, then what is personnel casualty on in all those thousands of euphony schools around the world? It is an elicit question.It is even a more kindle question from the future(a) perspective. You go to hear, lets say, a piano recital. You are moved, you are enliven, and you say, That was really musical. What you are referring to in that outcome is not taught in those music schools. What then is being taught in all those music schools? In our view most of this activity is bear on in two areas 1 A great make out of time is dog-tired by music schools in the teaching of grammar. In no other electron orbit and in no(prenominal) of the other arts is such a disproportional amount of time fatigued on grammar as conflicting to inwardness and purpose.Can one imagine, for example, Marlon Brando, jackstones Nicholson, Marilyn Monroe and Jane Fonda at the lee side Strasberg Actors studio apartment in smart York sit around discussing grammar? In what music school is at that place even one all-around(prenominal) co urse in aesthetics? In what music school is in that location intelligence on what music meant to Beethoven? Who will talk about music and character information? Who tells students why classical music is important and popular music is not? Who explains to students the difference between inspiredmusic and groomingal music? Who takes on the business for explaining to students that music education is about commerce, but not art? 2 The other great field of activity in music schools is the instruction of students on how to bring into being players of instruments, including the vocal instrument.But what studio teacher, as a part of the necessary technique, explains to the student how to move the emotions of the meeter? In how many studios is the word attender even mentioned? What studio teacher brings up the subject of earning a sustainment? One day students will ask that question and the house of cards will collapse. To conclude, sure enough everyone understands that one can not learn, in any music school anywhere, to become a Mozart. That is not only a gift of graven image, but a gift God rarely dispenses. But thither are other gifts, some of which are genetic, gifts of God to everyman. First and inaugural among these is the ability to understand music as a hearer without going to those music schools. And then there are the gifts which come from association in music.Surely anyone whose manner of devising a financial backing includes the performance of music, whether professional, confederation or school, must feel a recipient of a gift of the gods. You could be a dentist How much would they have to pay you to stand and look into other battalions mouths all day? And finally there are those large number who may not have the chance to perform, but understand the grandeur of music to society and give of themselves to make it happen. It was of them that Mendelssohn once wrote, The smallest real service to artseems a grace of God sent by God.